Incense

In accordance with Ayurvedic principles, the ingredients that go into incense-making may be categorized into five classes: 

1. ether (fruits), for example star anise; 
2. water (stems and branches), for example sandalwood, aloeswood, cedar wood, cassia, frankincense, myrrh, and borneol; 
3. earth (roots), for exampleturmeric, vetiver, ginger, costus root, valerian, Indian spikenard; 
4. fire (flowers), for example clove; and 
5. air (leaves), for example patchouli.

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